https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index ${session.getAttribute("locale")} 5 https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:42661 Wed 31 Aug 2022 13:44:21 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:14360 Wed 11 Apr 2018 17:15:26 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:21727 EL by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). However, melanoma cells are largely resistant to ER stress-induced apoptosis, suggesting that Bim activation is suppressed in melanoma cells undergoing ER stress. We show here that ER stress reduces PP2A activity leading to increased ERK activation and subsequent phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of Bim_EL. Despite sustained upregulation of Bim at the transcriptional level, the Bim_EL protein expression was downregulated after an initial increase in melanoma cells subjected to pharmacological ER stress. This was mediated by increased activity of ERK, whereas the phosphatase activity of PP2A was reduced by ER stress in melanoma cells. The increase in ERK activation was, at least in part, due to reduced dephosphorylation by PP2A, which was associated with downregulation of the PP2A catalytic C subunit. Notably, instead of direct dephosphorylation of Bim_EL, PP2A inhibited its phosphorylation indirectly through dephosphorylation of ERK in melanoma cells. Taken together, these results identify downregualtion of PP2A activity as an important protective mechanism of melanoma cells against ER stress-induced apoptosis.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 17:12:53 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:14354 V600E melanoma cells by induction of necrosis. Cotreatment with the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or panobinostat (LBH589) and the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 activated the caspase cascade, but caspases appeared dispensable for killing, in that inhibition of caspases did not invariably block induction of cell death. The majority of dying cells acquired propidium iodide positivity instantly when they became positive for Annexin V, suggesting induction of necrosis. This was supported by caspase-independent release of high-mobility group protein B1, and further consolidated by rupture of the plasma membrane and loss of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents, as manifested by transmission electron microscopic analysis. Of note, neither the necrosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 nor the small interference RNA (siRNA) knockdown of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) inhibited cell death, suggesting that RIPK1 and RIPK3 do not contribute to induction of necrosis by combinations of HDAC and BRAF inhibitors in BRAF^V600E melanoma cells. Significantly, SAHA and the clinically available BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib cooperatively inhibited BRAF^V600E melanoma xenograft growth in a mouse model even when caspase-3 was inhibited. Taken together, these results indicate that cotreatment with HDAC and BRAF inhibitors can bypass canonical cell death pathways to kill melanoma cells, which may be of therapeutic advantage in the treatment of melanoma.]]> Wed 11 Apr 2018 17:05:48 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:9452 Wed 11 Apr 2018 14:22:54 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36748 Wed 10 Nov 2021 15:04:41 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:54475 Tue 27 Feb 2024 14:56:31 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:50644 Tue 01 Aug 2023 10:11:43 AEST ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47249 Fri 16 Dec 2022 12:29:31 AEDT ]]> https://ogma.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:36768 Fri 03 Jul 2020 14:41:43 AEST ]]>